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And answering them and getting evidence for them
回答这些问题 为答案寻找证据
can form clinical education and public health issues
能够在很大程度上帮助我们
facing children and adolescents in huge ways
对儿童和青少年开展临床教育和公共健康教育
I'm gonna take...I'm gonna finish up with
我打算最后简单讲讲
very few very brief practical examples
几个实践中的例子
of how do we go from this model to making a difference
说明我们如何从模型进入了改革实践
Let's just take some of the most simple and direct effects
举一些最简单和最直接的例子
the number of late night accidents of young drivers
青少年夜间开车造成的交通事故数量
clearly or heavily over-representative
这是再具有代表性不过的了
Falling asleep accidents
开车睡觉和酒后驾驶
are probably as important as alcohol accidents
造成的交通事故同样重大
I'm gonna just give one simple example
我举一个简单的例子
This is one of the many studies
很多研究都尝试改变学校的上学时间
that looked at changes in school start times
这是其中一个研究
Danner and Phillips changed school start time
戴纳和飞利浦将肯塔基州
in a county of Kentucky by 1 hour
一个县的上学时间推后了一个小时
It resulted in increase in sleep about 30 minutes
结果使所有高中生
in the average high school students
平均睡眠时间增加了30分钟
The proportion of students getting at least 8 hours in bed
睡眠时间至少8小时的高中生人数
increased from 35% to 50%
从35%上升到了50%
These are pretty modest effects
这些效果还不太显着
but driving accidents in 16 to 18 year olds in that county
但这个县16到18岁孩子驾驶汽车的事故率
decreased 16% over the next 2 years
在未来两年降低了16%
Whereas the accident rates in 16 and 18 year olds
而肯塔基州其他地区16到18岁司机的
in the rest of the state increased 7% over the same period
交通事故率同期则上升了7%
These are potent effects
这些效果非常明显
just the simple level of accidents
只是从事故层面上来看非常有效
I'm not saying school start times are magic bullet either
我不是说延迟上学时间就可以解决所有问题
It think they help
但我认为这种方法是有效的
but what if we combined changes of school start time
如果我们将推迟上学时间
with education programs targeting knowledge
和关于睡眠的知识和态度教育结合起来
and attitudes about sleep?
那么效果又会如何呢?
