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Farmers participating in the two year study were grouped into geographical locations into north and south groups.
这个项目为期两年，参与其中的农民根据地理位置被分为南方和北方两组，
After testing the samples, the researchers discovered that
在对样本进行检测后，研究人员发现，
green leafy vegetables had the highest level of contamination
大叶绿色蔬菜手污染的程度最高，
and percent prevalence of E-coli from produce from semi-organic and organic farms in the southeast.
而明尼苏达州东南部，
South and middle portions of Minnesota were significantly greater compared to that in farms of other parts of the state.
南部和中部的有机和半有机作物感染大肠柑橘的比率要明显高于该州其他地区的有机和半有机作物的感染比率
This trend proved identical for Wisconsin.
威斯康辛的结果也几乎相同
All of the conventional farmers were from Minnesota.
所有传统种植的样本都来自于明尼苏达
The data showed that
这组数据表明，
risk of E-coli contamination from organic and semi-organic farms was significantly higher than that of conventional farms
有机和半有机农场中大肠杆菌的感染率显著高于传统农场中的感染率，
and highest among farmers that composted animal manure fewer than six months before application.
并且这一比率在那些堆肥的制作过程短于六个月的农场中是最高的
This chart shows the three year monitoring of organic,
这个表格显示的是，在明尼苏达州使用粪肥的有机，
semi-organic, and conventional farms in Minnesota using animal manure as fertilizer.
半有机和传统农场中对大肠杆菌的监测结果
Green leafy vegetables consisting of cabbage and lettuce
绿色大叶蔬菜，包括白菜和生菜
had a much higher concentration of initial E-coli contamination
在清洗和出售之前
before washing or preparing for sell than other types of fruits or vegetables.
感染大肠杆菌的几率高于其他所有水果和蔬菜
Note that conventional farms had the lowest recordable levels of E-coli contamination.
我们要注意，传统农场中的大肠杆菌污染率是最低的
This is because less than half of the conventional farms used animal manure as fertilizers,
这是因为，只有不到一半的传统农场将动物粪便作为肥料，
and when they did, always composted manure for at least six months before applying it to the fields.
如果采用粪肥也一定要经过至少六个月的发酵才能使用，
The higher results by organic and semi-organic farmers
有机和半有机农场中的感染率高是由几个因素造成的，
resulted from a variety of factors including age of manure before application and the type of manure used.
这些因素包括使用前粪肥的发酵时间以及使用何种粪肥
It was found that when cattle manure was used,
我们发现，当利用牛粪的时候
the incidence of E-coli increased 7 fold.
大肠杆菌的感染率增加了7成
Since organic farmers are prohibited from using synthetic fertilizers
由于有机农场禁止使用合成化学肥料，
and are thereby using manure almost exclusively,
因此必须使用粪肥
more research needs to be done to determine the safest way of composting and applying manure to crops for harvest.
关于如何更安全地发酵和施用粪肥还需要做很多相关方面的研究
Again, E-coli kept within an animal or human's intestinal tract is harmless.
虽然人体或者动物体内的大肠杆菌是无害的，
However, safe food production and safe food handling
但是必须保证食品生产和处理的过程是安全的
must be executed to keep this bacteria from reaching our food system.
以防止细菌进入食品系统
The use of antibiotics in meat production has received a lot of popular media attention.
在肉类加工中添加抗生素的问题已经引起了媒体的广泛关注，
Organic farmers are prohibited from using antibiotics
有机农场禁止使用抗生素，
while large feed lot operations known as CAFO's use them as a regular part of an animal's feeding regimen.
而大规模的围栏肥育却将抗生素作为牲畜饲料的一个重要组成部分，
The national committee for clinical laboratory standards
全国临床实验室标准委员会
defines four use categories for antibiotics in livestock.
界定了四种在动物体内用抗生素的情况
The therapeutic use for animals that exhibit clinical disease,
用抗生素治疗身患疾病的动物
control use on herds where the morbidity mortality rate has exceeded an acceptable baseline,
用于发病率和死亡率高于可接受的基线的动物种群，
prevention prophylaxis use on exposed healthy animals to minimize the onset of disease,
来对疾病进行控制用于动物的流行病预防以减少疾病的发病
and growth promotion where antibiotics are used as additives to improve physiological performance of animals.
最后是将抗生素用作一种饲料添加来促进动物的生长
While the FDA doesn't regulate sub-therapeutic use in animal production,
农业部并没有对抗生素在家畜身上的非医学用途进行监管，
such as use of antibiotics for growth, the FDA does monitor what the antibiotics are used for.
比如用抗生素促进生长，但它确实在监督抗生素的用途
