And they did a thing where evidently somebody
节目里他们发现了显然应该还有人拥有圣杯残片
I have it on tape suppose to have somebody still supposed to have the remnants of the grail
我把那期节目给录下来了,确实还有人理应拥有着圣杯的残片
and those are great scenes
如果你看到过印第安纳琼斯电影的最后,那些精彩的片段
when the guy drink out of the wrong grail
当有个人喝错了圣杯
but the right grail it wasn't ornate
圣杯其实是用木头做的而不是极度华丽的
And the one they have in England theoretically was just some wood and this family probably owns it
从理论上来讲,留在英国的那些碎片,应该是一些木片,那个家族应该仍拥有它们
and miracles are it they still pool water over it
这个圣杯仍拥有神力,人们至今仍在往里面倒水
and then bottle the water to this day
然后将这些水装瓶
That they I don't know either they either sell or give away to perform miracles and stuff
我不知道是卖还是送给别人,来显明神迹或做其他事
So people still believe in this stuff
所以人们仍旧相信这些
Let's get a little view of the history
我们再来看一下历史
One of the things you always hear about professors is that their notes are yellow with age
你经常会听到教授们说,他们的笔记随着年岁增长会泛黄
because they keep using the same notes
因为他们总用着同一份笔记
I actually, I've lost my notes for this lecture a couple of times
实际上我曾好几次丢失过自己上课的笔记
So I've written three different lectures for it and one nice things about computers is that
所以我写过三份不同的上课笔记,电脑的一个好处就是
your notes never get yellow with age cause you keep it under your computer
你的笔记不会因为年岁而泛黄,因为你是用电脑储存着的
and you print out new white copy every time
并且你每次打印出来的都是新的笔记
Last night I was trying to sit I kept saying
昨晚我试图让自己坐下并对自己说
"I need to sit down and make one coherent lecture out of this"
"我必须坐下,然后把这些编成一堂连贯的课"
Then I made it by shuffling the pages together so I hope it comes off coherently
于是我便把这些内容穿插在了一起,所以我希望结果是一篇连贯的文章
Half of men's recorded history
人类记载的历史的一半
and again just listen to this in generality
再次申明,你们只需要知道大体
You don't need to write all these down
不用全写下来
I'm not gonna test you these in detail
我不会考你们这些细节
Half of men's recorded history of past
人记载下了过去的历史中的一半
before anyone in Europe could read or write
在欧洲的任何人可以读写之前
At about 2000 B C,this area is referred to as Europe started to change
那是在大约公元前2000年,这片被叫做欧罗巴的土地开始发生改变
We start getting a steady infusion of people from Indian and Persian
印度和波斯人口开始持续融入欧洲
And all these people are from the Indo-European language family
所有这些人都是来自印欧语系地区的
If you take a good English dictionary and open up the front
如果你拿起一本不错的英语词典并且打开前几页
You'll probably see a diagram of language families
很可能你会看到一张关于语系的表
and you'll see Indo-European which is a language we have evidence of
然后你会找到其中的印欧语系,这是一种我们没有掌握任何书面记录的语言
At the top these branches going out one will be like an Italic and out of Italic
在语系表的顶端你会看到各种语言是如何从顶端分化,这其中会有比如古意大利语系及其分支
you'll get Latin out of your Romance languages
还有拉丁语分支,你会找到衍生的罗曼斯语
Another group would be like Germanic
另外一个大的语系是日耳曼语系