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And there are certain forms of the FOXO gene
我们发现活到90或者100岁人里
that have found to be more frequently present
最常有的
in people who live to be 90 or 100.
某种FOXO基因
And that's the case all over the world,
这是遍布全球的例子
as you can see from these stars.
正如大家看到的这些星星
And each one of these stars represents a population
每一个星星代表一个人群
where scientists have asked,
科学家曾问过
"Okay, are there differences in the type of FOXO genes
“好吧，在这些活得非常久人群里
among people who live a really long time?" and there are.
FOXO基因有什么不同吗？” 是的
We don't know the details of how this works,
我们不知道这起作用的细节
but we do know then
但我们知道
that FOXO genes can impact
这FOXO基因能影响
the lifespan of people.
人们的寿命
And that means that, maybe if we tweak it a little bit,
这意味着或许如果我们调试一下基因
we can increase the health and longevity of people.
我们可以增加人们的寿命和保健功能
So this is really exciting to me.
所以这对我而言很兴奋
A FOXO is a protein that we found in these little, round worms
我们在这些小圆形线虫发现的FOXO是种蛋白质
to affect lifespan,
它影响寿命
and here it affects lifespan in people.
它也影响人们的寿命
So we've been trying in our lab now
所以现在我们一直在我们实验室
to develop drugs
研发药物
that will activate this FOXO cell
它会激活这种FOXO细胞
using human cells now
现使用人类细胞
in order to try and come up with drugs
为了试药
that will delay aging and age-related diseases.
用药来延缓衰老和老龄引发的疾病
And I'm really optimistic that this is going to work.
这会行得通，我对此非常乐观
There are lots of different proteins that are known to affect aging.
延缓衰老所熟知的有许多不同蛋白质
And for at least one of them, there is a drug.
至少它们中的之一就是药物
There's one called TOR, which is another nutrient sensor,
有种叫TOR，它是另一种营养传感器
like the insulin pathway.
如同胰岛素传递
And mutations that damage the TOR gene --
毁坏TOR基因的变异体
just like the daf-2 mutations --
如同daf 2变异体--
extend lifespan in worms
延长线虫
and flies and mice.
苍蝇和老鼠的寿命
But in this case, there's already a drug called rapamycin
但在这情况下，已经有种药叫纳巴霉素
that binds to the TOR protein
和TOR蛋白质联系在一起
and inhibits its activity.
抑制它的活性
And you can take rapamycin and give it to a mouse --
你可以拿纳巴霉素，给老鼠试试--
even when it's pretty old, like age 60 for a human,
甚至当它非常老，如同60岁的老人
that old for a mouse --
那么老的一只老鼠--
if you give the mouse rapamycin,
如果给老鼠纳巴霉素
it will live longer.
它会活得久点
Now I don't want you all to go out taking rapamycin.
现我不想让大家都去吃纳巴霉素
It is a drug for people,
它是适应于人类的药
but the reason is it suppresses the immune system.
但原因是它会抵制免疫系统
So people take it to prevent organ transplants from being rejected.
所以人们吃了它会因排斥而不能器官移植
So this may not be the perfect drug
所以这或许不是种完美的药物
for staying young longer.
来永葆青春
But still, here in the year 2011,
但这还是2011年
there's a drug that you can give to mice at a pretty old age
就是这种药，你能把它给非常老的老鼠
that will extend their lifespan,
它会延长它们的寿命
which comes out of this science
这科学试验
that's been done in all these different animals.
已经试用于所有这些不同动物身上
So I'm really optimistic,
所以我非常乐观
and I think it won't be too long, I hope,
我认为我希望，它会不久
before this age-old dream begins to come true.
这个延缓衰老梦想早日实现
Thank you.
谢谢
