评论
打印
They believed that residents in the New World
他们认定新世界的移民已经
had removed them from the command of
摆脱了来自大英帝国和其他
Great Britain and of all European powers.
欧洲国家的控制
With this in mind the pilgrims drafted
带着这样的想法，这些清教徒
the Mayflower compact, a formal agreement
选举的领导者签订了《五月花号公约》
to abide by just and equal laws,
这份公约正式规定了人们需要
drafted by elected leaders. Such a thing would
服从依法公平的治理，这种事情在
never had happened in the thinly settled French or
法属和西班牙属殖民地是绝对不会发生的
Spanish territories where the King's rule was law.
因为在这些地方，国王的统治就是法律
However because they were British,
但是因为这些清教徒都是英国人
because the British had a tradition of
而英国人的传统政府是一种
parliamentary democracy, the Mayflower compact
议会制的民主形式，这也就解释了
made sense. In December the Mayflower reached
《五月花号公约》的签订，同年12月
Plymouth Rock and the pilgrims began building
五月花号登上普利茅斯石，并定居于此
their settlement. That winter nearly half the colonists
开始了他们的殖民生涯，那个冬天大约半数的
died of exposure and disease. Neighboring Indians
殖民者都死于严寒和疾病，幸好居住在附近
such as the famous Squanto saved the pilgrims
以Squanto为代表的印第安人教了他们
by showing them how to raise corn.
如何种植玉米，这些清教徒才得以生存
The Indians would eventually come
但事实证明，印第安人应该为
to regret their good deed.
他们的善良感到后悔
In 1630 more immigrants arrived on Massachusetts Bay,
1630年，更多的移民者踏上了马萨诸塞湾
they had a grant from King Charles the 1st
他们从查尔斯1世那里得到了在此
to establish a colony. Their leader, John Winthrop,
建立殖民地的许可，他们的首领约翰温斯洛普
openly set out to create a quote unquote
公开表明要在马萨诸塞州建立一座
'city upon a hill', in effect a place where puritans
"山巅之城"在这里清教徒能够
could live in accordance with their religious beliefs.
遵循自己的信仰而活
Because they had their own charter from
因为他们有来自英国王的特许
the King they believed authority over their colony
因此他们相信对这片殖民地的统治权
was not in Great Britain but in Massachusetts itself.
不属于大不列颠，而属于马萨诸塞
This in turn provoked some new ideas about
这在后来也激发了一些关于
self government. The charter granted all power
自治政府的创想，英国王特许常设法院
in this colony to the general court which was
在该殖民地进行全权统治
made up of men belonging to the puritan church.
而常设法院成员全部隶属于清教教堂
This guaranteed the Puritans would dominate
这也就意味着清教徒能够全权统治
the colony, not only in religious matters
该殖民地，不仅仅是在宗教问题上
but politically. Most of New England was run
也包括政府事务，而新英格兰大部地区
along the same lines as Massachusetts
跟马萨诸塞州都遵照相同的治理
although the theocracy, that is to say government,
尽管在新英格兰政府统治中
subjects to religious beliefs was not quite
神权统治的影子不像
as pronounced as it was in Massachusetts.
在马萨诸塞州那么明显
The Puritans theocratic tendencies weren't
当然清教徒的神权统治也并不为
for everyone though. Free thinking types rebelled.
所有人所接受，自由的思想仍会反叛
In 1636 Roger Williams bought land from
1636年，罗格威廉姆斯从印第安人
the Indians on what is now the site of Providence,
手中买下了一片土地，即现在的罗得岛
Rhode Island. There he set up the first
普罗维登斯，在那里他主张实行
American colony to practice open and
教会与政府的全分离统治
total separation of church and state and
这也是全美第一个实现该模式
the first to offer complete freedom of religion.
并且完全容许宗教自由的殖民地
A fellow dissident preacher, Anne Hutchinson,
安哈金斯作为一个异教传教者
took advantage of this haven although she was
正是在此利用该政策进行了传教
later killed by Indians in New York.
尽管她后来在纽约被印第安人所杀
Freedom of religious worship was also
宗教信仰自由在中部沿海殖民地
a main concern in the central seaboard colonies
也是当时主要的一个话题
of Pennsylvania, Maryland and Delaware.
比如在宾夕法尼亚，马里兰和特拉华
There even publicly scorned denominations
在那里，即便是臭名昭著的宗教崇拜
such as Quakers and Roman Catholics were
比如桂格教徒和罗马天主教徒
made to feel welcome as were Jews from
以及其他来自欧洲各地的犹太教徒
all round Europe. Indeed the colonies on the central
都是被欢迎的，的确当时在太平洋中部
Atlantic Coast became considered the most
沿岸的殖民地一向被认为是非常
cosmopolitan, wedged in as they were between
开放和开明的，尤其是夹在新英格兰
the diligent and devout small farming puritans
那些勤恳虔诚的小农清教徒文化
of New England and the plantation culture of
和南方殖民地那种大农场殖民文化之间
the southern colonies. The cities of Philadelphia
这个特质更加明显，其中费城和纽约
and New York, formerly New Amsterdam,
也就是前新阿姆斯特丹
took their places alongside Boston
与波士顿一道成为了这些殖民地中
as the colonies leading cities.
发展最快的城市
