评论
打印
Portugal and Spain;
葡萄牙和西班牙
under the guidance of
在有远见的
the far sighted Henry the Navigator,
航海家亨利(1394-1460)的
1394 to 1460,
指导下
Portugal kicked off the wave of exploration,
葡萄牙开启了探险热潮
looking for new lands and new markets
希望获得新土地和新市场
the Portuguese weren't strong enough
当时的葡萄牙没有足够的实力
to fight the other Europeans on land for them
和其他欧洲国家争夺
so they had to look
所以他们不得不
longer and harder and farther away.
从更长远和更艰辛的角度来看
The accidental discovery of Brazil didn't hurt either.
偶然发现巴西也无妨
Although Columbus reached
尽管哥伦布最早
the New World first
到达新大陆
and claimed it for Spain,
并声称它属于西班牙
Portugal's hard work paid off.
葡萄牙的努力得到了回报
By 1500 Portugal controlled
1500年时，葡萄牙控制了
the entire flow of gold to Europe.
所有到达欧洲的黄金运输
The Spanish had finally kicked
西班牙当时终于
the Moors out of the Iberian Peninsula for good
将摩尔人赶出伊比利亚半岛
and they also wanted new lands
他们也想获得新土地
and new markets.
和新市场
So powerful were Spain and Portugal that
因为西班牙和葡萄牙在
in 1493 Pope Alexander the 6th,
1493年时势力很大，教宗亚历山大六世
who was not really a nice guy,
他其实不算是个好人
drew an arbitrary north South line
很随意地划了
across the globe.
一条跨越全球的南北分界线
By doing this he divided the world
他这样做的结果是将世界
into spheres of influence;
划分为两个势力范围
the Spanish half and the Portuguese half.
西班牙一半，葡萄牙一半
This agreement is better known
这一条约大家更熟悉的名字是
as the treaty of Tordesillas,
托尔德西里亚斯条约
after the town where
是根据1494年
the Spanish and Portuguese envoys met
西班牙和葡萄牙舰队相遇的
in 1494 to adjust the border a little bit.
小镇命名的，将边境修改了一些
It is a testimony to
它证明了
the arrogance of the crowned heads of
欧洲王室和天主教的
Europe and the Catholic Church to think
傲慢自大，以为
that the entire New World
整个新大陆
could really be divided into 2 parts.
可以分为两部分
The second European,
第二批到达的欧洲人
if we're going to count the Vikings first,
如果我们认为维京人是第一批的话
to reach the Americas was Cristobel Cologne,
是克里斯托贝尔科隆
an Italian far better known as Christopher Columbus.
一位意大利航海家，他更为人熟知的名字是
Chartered by the King and Queen of Spain,
克里斯托弗哥伦布，得到西班牙
Ferdinand and Isabella,
国王和王后费迪南和伊莎贝拉的特许
Columbus's first expedition reached
哥伦布第一次航行
what is now the island of San Salvador
到达的是圣萨尔瓦多岛
on October 11th 1492.
在1492年10月11日
He thought he'd landed in India.
他以为自己到了印度
Columbus spent the next 5 months
哥伦布在之后的5个月
exploring the area, looking for Gold
一直在这个地区探险，希望能找到黄金
and enslaving the natives.
奴役当地人民
Since he thought that he was in India
因为他觉得自己在印度
he called the natives Indians.
他把当地人称为印第安人
Columbus's 3 subsequent expeditions
之后的三个探险中
took him to Cuba, Mexico,
他去了古巴，墨西哥
Honduras and Venezuela;
洪都拉斯和委内瑞拉
Columbus never reached the mainland
哥伦布从来没有去过
of the modern United States
现在美国所在的大陆
and he really never got anywhere close to India.
他也从来没有接近过印度
The lands he supposedly discovered
那些可能是他发现的陆地
were named after another explorer
以另一位探险家的名字命名
but the American toe hold Columbus
但是美洲承认哥伦布
claimed for Spain
为西班牙所做的声明
provided the base for the Spanish triumphs
考虑到西班牙战胜了
over the Aztecs and the Incans.
阿兹特克和印加人
The Spanish continued pushing their influence
西班牙人继续尽可能地
as far as they could.
扩大其影响力
Hernando Desoto,
赫南多德·德索托
an associate of the Conquistador Pesaro
佩萨罗的助手
left Cabana, Cuba
离开古巴
with his expedition in 1539.
在1539年继续自己的探险
Landing in Florida
来到了佛罗里达
Desoto looked for gold as far west as the Mississippi
德索托为了找到了黄金，去了密西西比地区
but found very little before his death in 1542.
但在他死之前，也就是1542年，都几乎没找到
He did however successfully
不过他确实成功
antagonize every Indian tribe he encountered
让他遇到的每一个印第安部落成为敌人
setting a very bad precedent
为欧洲-印第安关系
for European / Indian relations.
树立了不好的先例
Francisco De Coronado left Mexico in 1540
弗朗西斯科德科罗纳多1540年
to find the fabulously wealthy
离开墨西哥去寻找萨布拉
but mythical 7 cities of Sabula.
神秘而又富有的城市
Like Desoto he came back
但是和德索托一样
not a 6 pence the richer
他回来的时候不比原来多6便士
but he did manage to explore
不过他成功
a great deal of the south west,
探索了西南地区
as far north as the modern Kansas,
向北最远到达今天的堪萨斯
later known as a Mexico territory.
后来成为墨西哥领土
