Part 3. Scientists of the millennium(2).

Keywords. idea, theory, discovery, method, establish, invention, change.

Vocabulary. origin, species, by means of, organism, evolution, survive, reproduce, microorganism, Pasteurization,

germ, resistance, inject, vaccination, vaccine, deadly, affect, motion picture, device, unconscious,

psychiatry, sexual, dispute, document, mass, square, atomic energy.

A. You're going to hear the second half of the passage about the discoveries and inventions of ten important scientists of the millennium.

Complete the chart with key words.

Charles Darwin was another important scientist of the past 1000 years.

He was born in England in 1809.

In 1859, he published a book called On the origin of species by means of natural selection.

He explained his idea that all living things developed from simple organisms.

He said these organisms changed during millions of years to produce different kinds of plants and animals, including humans.

This is known as the theory of evolution.

Charles Darwin's studies showed that some animals and planets have natural abilities that help them survive.

They pass these abilities to their young when they reproduce.

Other plants and animals that are less able to survive and reproduce may disappear.

Charles Darwin's theories provided new ideas about the developments of living things.

However, they shocked many religious people.

Many people today still strongly oppose the theory of evolution because it conflicts with their religious beliefs.

Our next important scientist of the past 1000 years is Louis Pasteur.

His discoveries saved many lives.

Louis Pasteur was born in 1822, in France.

He became a professor of chemistry.

He discovered that heat could kill harmful microorganisms.

Soon this Pasteurization method was used to keep many foods and drinks safe.

He also helped us establish the germ theory when he recognized that most diseases are spread by tiny organisms that reproduce in the body.

Louis Pasteur also proved that an animal can develop a resistance to a harmful organism if the organism is weakened in a laboratory and injected into the animal's body.

He called this method of preventing disease vaccination.

He developed vaccines to prevent deadly diseases in animals and people.

The inventor Thomas Edison was another influential scientist.

He was born in the United States in 1847.

His work made possible the progress of technology in the 20th century.

Almost everyone has been affected by the inventions of Thomas Edison.

These include the motion picture, sound recording and electric lights.

They are only three of the many devices Thomas Edison invented or helped to improve.

He also invented devices to improve the telephone.

He improved machines that produce electricity.

And he worked on many electric motors, including those for trains.

Thomas Edison once said the electric lights was the most difficult to develop.

He also called it his most important invention.

Our next scientist of the millennium is the Austria doctor Sigmund Freud.

He changed scientific ideas about the mind.

Dr Freud was born in 1856 in Moravia.

He established the idea that dreams help us understand our unconscious self.

He said this is the part of the mind containing wishes, desires or bed experiences too frightening to recognize.

Sigmund Freud's work on the causes and treatment of mental sicknesses helped to form the ideas of modern psychiatry.

His ideas about sexual development led to the discussion and treatment of sexual problems.

Many of Sigmund Freud's ideas are no longer used today, but no one disputes his great influence on the science of mental health.

Our final scientist of the past 1000 years is Albert Einstein.

He changed the way we understand the universe.

The great scientist was born in Germany in 1879.

In 1905, Albert Einstein published one of the most important scientific documents in history.

It explained his special theory of relativity.

This theory is about the ideas we use to describe the natural events.

It is about time, space, mass, movement and gravity.

Albert Einstein is perhaps best known for his mathematical statement E=mc2 or energy equals mass times the speed of light squared.

This statement explained that a great amount of energy could come from a small piece of matter.

It explained how the sun could give off heat and light for millions of years.

It also led to the discovery of atomic energy.

Albert Einstein's theories, like those of the other great scientists of the millennium, changed our world.

B. Now listen again, decide whether the statements are true or false.

Put "T" or "F" in the brackets.