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Oral cancers are the 7th most common types of cancer
口腔癌是世界上第七种最常见的癌症类型
that occur world wide. The majority are oral squema
最主要的是口腔squema细胞癌
cell carcinomas, they consist of cancers that form
它们以口腔或者咽腔组织
in the tissues of the oral cavity or the oral pharynx,
的形式形成癌症
this includes the lips, tongue, cheek linings, hard
这包括嘴唇，舌头，面颊内部
and soft palettes, salivary glands, gums and throat.
软腭和硬腭，唾液腺，牙龈和喉咙
75 to 80% of oral cancers are related to tobacco
75%到80%的口腔癌都和滥用烟酒有关
and alcohol use. The remaining oral cancers
剩下的不是由烟酒
not caused by tobacco or alcohol are typically
引起的口腔癌通常是由
caused by plaque surrounding the teeth and gums.
牙齿和牙龈周围的噬菌斑引起的
There are many different risk factors for oral cancer;
口腔癌有很多不同的风险因素
African American males suffer the higher incidence and
非裔美国男人是所有人里面发病率最高
lowest survival rates among any group. The use of
存活率最低的群体
tobacco products greatly increases the risk of oral
吸食香烟和酗酒
cancer as well as heavy alcohol use. When both are
极大地增加了患口腔癌的风险
used simultaneously the risk is 15 times higher.
当两者同时使用患(口腔癌)的风险高出15倍
Similarly with other cancers, risk increases with age.
与其他癌症相似，这种风险随年龄递增
Gender plays a role in oral cancer as well,
性别也起着同样重要的作用
specifically, men over the age of 40 have a 3 times
特别是那些40岁以上的男人被诊断出
higher risk of being diagnosed than women. There are
患口腔癌的几率比同龄妇女高出3倍
many different signs and symptoms to look for during
我们在调查期间寻找到许多不同的标志和症状
detection. Some of the main ones include sores, lumps
那些主要症状包括口腔疼痛
or ulcers in the mouth, pale or discolored tongue,
肿块和溃疡，舌头或者嘴唇及嘴巴周围发白
lips or area around the mouth, painful chewing or
脱色，咀嚼下咽疼痛并且颈部出现淋巴结肿大
swallowing and swollen lymph nodes in the neck. Many
许多人感觉到了嘴巴疼
times people will notice a sore mouth but will usually
但是他们并没有
not take it too seriously and just wait for it to
把这当回事
go away. During this period of waiting the cancer may
就等着让它自己变好
be metastasizing or spreading. Oral cancer cells can
在这期间，癌症将会很快转移和扩散
spread quickly to surrounding cells; they enter blood
口腔癌细胞会快速地向周细胞扩散
vessels or lymph vessels which branch into all tissues
它们通过进入在身体内由血管和淋巴管
of the body. The cancer cells often appear first in
各个分支组成的组织
the nearby lymph nodes in the neck; cancerous cells
这些癌细胞通常首次出现在脖子的淋巴结附近
may attach to other tissues and grow to form new
癌细胞可能依附其他的组织并生长成新肿瘤
tumors that may damage those tissues as well. For
这同样会损害那些组织
example; if oral cancer spreads to the lungs it is not
例如，如果口腔癌扩散到肺部
treated as oral cancer, it is simply referred to as a
就不能当成口腔癌治疗
metastatic oral cancer and is treated as oral cancer.
它仅仅被称作转移性口腔癌并被当作口腔癌
Diagnosis of oral cancers is difficult. Regular dental
口腔癌的诊断很困难
or doctor examinations usually discover many oral
定期牙科或常规体检通常会发现许多
cancers. Some of the tests used to confirm the
口腔癌病人，一些测试常用来证实这种诊断
diagnosis include a gum or tongue biopsy as well as
包括牙龈，舌头的检查以及
x-rays, CT scans, MRI or PET scans to determine if the
使用X光 CT MRI或PET扫描等
cancer has spread. Whether the cancer is an early
设备判断口腔癌是否扩散
cancer or advanced cancer depends on the stage.
是早期癌症还是晚期癌症取决于阶段
Early cancers are either stage 1 or 2 and usually
早期癌症要么是第一阶段要么是第二阶段
consist of a small tumor, smaller than a walnut.
由一些小肿块构成，体积比胡桃还小
Also no cancer cells are found in the lymph nodes.
然而淋巴结里没有癌细胞
Advanced cancers have reached stage 3 or 4 and are
晚期癌症已经到达第三或第四阶段
usually a large tumor, as big as a lime. The cancer
由如酸橙一般的大肿块构成
may have invaded nearby tissues, spread to lymph nodes
并且癌细胞可能已经侵入了附近的组织
or spread to other parts of the body. After the
扩散到了淋巴结或身体的其他部位
diagnosis is made a treatment plan can be made.
随后，治疗方案随着诊断的证实而落实
