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5 different bacteria have been studied and
现在正在研究五种细菌和它们的功能
have known functions in the mouth, they include;
它们包括:
streptococcus mutans, pophyromonas gingivalis,
变异链球菌，牙龈卟啉单胞菌
capnocytophaga gingivalis, prevotella melaninogenica,
牙龈二氧化碳嗜纤维菌，产黑普氏菌
streptococcus mitis. These bacterial species have been
缓症链球菌
found in higher concentrations with certain diseases.
在某种疾病的高浓聚物里已经发现了细菌
Also candida albicans, a type of yeast, has been found
白色念珠菌，是一种酵母，已经在口腔里
in the oral cavity and could have a role in oral
发现了，在口腔癌里也起到了作用
cancer.The first is streptococcus mutans which has
首先发现的是变异链球菌，可能引起蛀牙
been found to cause tooth decay. These bacteria digest
这些细菌消化食物中的糖和淀粉
the sugars and starches in foods and produce acids
产生溶解牙釉质的酸
which dissolve tooth enamel. When sucrose is present
当蔗糖出现时
plaque formation is increased by this bacteria thus
这种细菌就会增加空斑的形成，因此
a diet lower in table sugar is better for less plaque
在饮食中降低蔗糖，对减少菌斑形成很有益
formation.The second bacteria has been found to be
第二种细菌和牙周病
associated with periodontal or gum disease.
牙龈病有关
High levels found in adult periodontistis legions
成人牙周病很严重很普遍，以及很高的
as well as a high pathogenic potential make this
潜在致病性使得这种细菌
bacteria the main pathogen in periodontal diseases.
成为牙周病主要的病原体
There are many different strains of this bacteria that
这种细菌有许多种不同的菌株正在被研究
are being studied. This is one reason why keeping the
这也是为什么保持口腔干净健康成为阻止
oral cavity clean and healthy is important to keep
这些细菌繁殖和形成新株种的
these bacteria from reproducing and forming new strands.
重要原因之一
3 other bacteria have also been studied, during a
还有三种其他的细菌也正在被研究
study done to determine the relationship between
在一个决定唾液腺细菌和口腔癌症关系的
salivary microbes and oral cancer these 3 bacteria were
研究过程中，发现这三种细菌
found in much higher levels in oral cancer patients
存在于口腔癌症患者中
than those without oral cancer. The study looked at
远多于那些没有患口腔癌症的患者
40 different bacteria but these 3 showed signs of a
这项研究观察了40多种不同的细菌
relationship. The increased numbers of these 3
但是这三种细菌显示了它们之间的关系
bacteria predicted 80% of oral cancer cases among
这三种增加的细菌预示了在那些测试者中
those tested. As a result there could be a link between
有80%的口腔癌病例，因此
the bacteria in the mouth and cancer occurrence.
口腔细菌和患癌之间是有联系的
This technique of measuring the bacteria in the mouth
这项衡量口腔细菌的技术
could become a diagnostic indicator of oral cancer.
将会成为口腔癌的诊断指标
Lastly candida albicans is a type of yeast that has
最后，白色念珠菌成为在口腔被发现的
been found in the oral cavity. Many of these strains
酵母菌的一种，许多这种菌株
are resistant to anti fungal agents. It has been found
都抵抗抗真菌药，比起在健康的口腔
to be more prevalent in cancer cases rather than
癌症案例中这种菌株更为普遍
healthy mouths. This yeast may invade the oral
这种酵母菌可能会入侵口腔上皮细胞
epithelium and may be involved in oral luekoplakia.
也可能涉及口腔黏膜白斑病
Candidal leukoplakias have been found to develop in 9
现在已经发现念珠菌白斑在口腔癌病例中
to 40% of oral cancer cases however the exact
从9%增值到40%,然而
mechanisms by which they work are not fully
它们具体是依靠什么机理如何起作用的
understood. So what exactly is oral cancer and who is
所以，具体什么是口腔癌，谁有风险患癌
at risk? What are common signs and symptoms? How is it
主要的迹象和症状是什么，它是如何诊断
diagnosed and treated and finally what are some ways
治疗的，最后，如何预防它，我们还没有
to prevent it? To begin, roughly 30000 Americans are
完全明白，开始，每年大约有3000名
diagnosed with oral cancer every year. This year alone
美国人被诊断出口腔癌，仅今年一年就有
there have been 39400 new cases and 7900 deaths. There
39400例新案例和7900例死亡病例
are between 350000 and 400000 new cases diagnosed
全世界每年大约有35万到40万例新案例
worldwide each year as well. 5 year survival rates for
口腔癌五年以上的存活率很低
oral cancer are very low, around 54% because of the
大约只有54% ,因为在癌症转移
difficulty to detect before the cancer has metastasized
或者扩散之前就检测出来太困难了
or spread. Oral cancer kills one person every hour
口腔癌每小时就能杀死一个人
which is greater than the cancers of the cervix, brain,
这比子宫癌、脑癌、子房癌、睾丸癌、肝癌
ovary, testes, liver, kidney, malignant melanoma or
肾癌 、恶性黑色素瘤以及淋巴癌都要高
Hodgkin's Lymphoma. More importantly incidents
更重要的是，在美国和世界范围内
in young adults is increasing in both the US and
青年人患癌也在增加，因此
worldwide so this is a very serious disease.
这是一种非常严重的疾病
