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The educational materials
教育材料
presented here were developed by students
是由爱荷华州立大学食品科学和人类营养系的
and faculty of the department of food science
全体教员和学生开发出来
and human nutrition at Iowa State University.
并呈现在这里的
Funding for this project was provided by grants
这个项目的资金
from the American Cancer Society Midwest
是由美国中西部癌症协会和
and the Lance Armstrong Foundation.
兰斯阿姆斯特朗基金会拨款的
The materials are intended for educational use
这些材料是供教育使用的
and are not meant to provide medical advice.
并不提供医疗建议
We welcome your feedback about these materials;
我们也欢迎你们对这些材料提供反馈
please use the evaluation survey link on the
请使用我们主页上的评估调查连接
home page to provide your comments and suggestions.
提供你们的评论和建议
Oral cancer risks can be lowered or even
理解简单的基本口腔卫生
prevented by simply understanding basic oral hygiene,
口腔里不同的细菌以及饮食如何影响口腔癌
different bacteria found in the mouth and how diet
可以降低甚至阻止患口腔癌风险
influences oral cancers. Currently research is being
目前正在进行研究饮食和
done on the relationship between diet and oral cancer.
口腔癌之间的关系
Today I will share with you some of this research.
今天我将会和你们分享其中的一些研究
I will begin with some background on the oral
首先，我将会向你们介绍一些有关口腔的背景
cavity.According to the national cancer institute
根据国家癌症协会
the oral cavity includes the lips, gums, teeth,
口腔包括嘴唇，牙龈，牙齿
tongue, lining of the cheeks, salivary glands,
舌头面颊内部，唾液腺
floor of the mouth, roof of the mouth, soft palate,
口腔底面，上腭，软腭
uvula, oropharynx and tonsils. The most common target
小舌，咽部以及扁桃体，最常见的目标是
is the lining of the mouth and is commonly referred
嘴巴内部，经常也称之为细胞癌
to as squema cell carcinoma. The oral cavity is home
口腔里有数以百万计的细菌
to millions of species of microbes, most of these
大多数细菌都是有益的
microbes are beneficial and have specific functions
在嘴巴里有具体的功能
inside the mouth however there are some microbes
然而，也有一些细菌是有害的
that are harmful. After looking at what the oral
在知道了口腔的定义后
cavity is now let's look at some ways to keep it
我们一起来看看那一些保持口腔干净
clean and free from harmful bacteria. According to
阻止细菌入侵的方式
the American dental association practicing good oral
据美国牙医协会，健康的口腔卫生可以
hygiene can help protect your mouth in many ways.
在很多方面帮你保护牙齿
These recommendations include brushing twice a day,
这些建议包括一天刷两次牙
using a fluoride toothpaste, flossing or using a mouth
使用含氟牙膏，牙线，或者在刷牙时使用
wash between brushing to limit plaque and enamel loss,
清洁刷，来减少噬菌或者清除牙釉质
replacing toothbrushes every 3 o 4 months or when the
每3到4个月或者牙刷毛有磨损时
bristles begin to fray to prevent gum damage and poor
更换一次牙刷，防止牙龈损坏刷牙没有效果
brushing, and yearly dental visits for cleaning and
每年去做牙齿清洁和检查
examinations. Usually these visits are when oral
通常，口腔癌是在做牙齿检查时发现的
cancers are discovered. Good oral hygiene does not
健康的口腔卫生看似并不是很难养成
seem too hard to follow but many of us do not follow
但是我们大多数人并不会严格遵守
it very closely. It is easy to skip flossing, forget
我们很少用牙线清洁牙齿
when to replace your toothbrush or just too busy to
经常忘记更换牙刷，忙得忘记了检查牙齿
visit the dentist. When bad oral hygiene is practiced
口腔卫生一旦变差
the mouth is compromised and bacteria take over.
口腔就易受到危害，细菌就会侵入
One major negative of bad oral hygiene is the
糟糕的口腔的最主要的一个负面结果就是
development of dental carries or cavities.
发展成拔牙和蛀牙
These include holes or structural damage to the teeth
在图片的右上侧和左下侧
as seen in the picture on the top right and bottom left.
我们会看到牙齿的洞和结构性破坏
Another negative of bad oral hygiene is gingivitis.
糟糕的口腔卫生的另一个负面影响就是
This is the inflammation of the gums surrounding the
牙龈炎，它是指在清洁之后仍然
teeth because of plaque left behind after cleaning.
有噬菌斑残留而形成的牙齿周围的牙龈发炎
Bad oral hygiene also causes halitosis or what is
糟糕的口气卫生会引起口臭
commonly known as bad breath. Finally one of the worst
也是我们通常指的口里有异味
results of bad oral hygiene is oral cancer.
最后，口腔卫生糟糕的最差的结果之一就是
How many species of bacteria do you think call the
口腔癌，你觉得口腔里有多少种细菌呢
oral cavity home? There are over 600 different species
在口腔里大约有600种已知的
of known bacteria in the mouth. Why do these problems
不同种类的细菌
of bad oral hygiene occur? It is because of the 600
这些口腔卫生问题为什么会发生呢
different known species of microbes in the mouth.
因为在口腔里大约有600种不同种类
Although we know many bacteria that call the oral
的已知细菌，尽管我们知道口腔是许多
cavity home, new bacteria are continuing to be
细菌的寄生场所，而且还正在继续发现
discovered. It is estimated that over 100 million
新细菌，据估计每毫升唾液有超过一亿的细菌
microbes are in one milliliter of saliva. The majority
大部分细菌是在帮助消化的口腔里发现的
of the microbes found in the mouth aid in digestion
并且是有害的
and are harmless. Other bacteria in the mouth utilize
口腔里其他的细菌利用残留下来的糖
the sugars and carbohydrates left forming acids.
和碳水化合物，形成酸
As a result the acids destroy the enamel on the tooth
结果，酸破坏了牙齿上的牙釉质
causing tooth decay, dental carries, gingivitis and halitosis.
引起龋齿，拔牙，牙龈炎，和口臭
